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Until We Find Them, Part 1: The Disappeared in Mexico
Miércoles 27 de marzo de 2013, por
Until We Find Them, Part 1: The Disappeared in Mexico
by Emma Buckhout, LAWG Intern on March 25, 2013
The 1994 Inter-American Convention on Forced Disappearance of Persons defines forced disappearance as “the act of depriving a person or persons of his or their freedom, in whatever way, perpetrated by agents of the state or by persons or groups of persons acting with the authorization, support, or acquiescence of the state, followed by an absence of information or a refusal to acknowledge that deprivation of freedom or to give information on the whereabouts of that person, thereby impeding his or her recourse to the applicable legal remedies and procedural guarantees.” On Monday, March 18, 2013 the Latin American Working Group Education Fund together with the Washington Office on Latin America, the Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights, the US Office on Colombia, and the Guatemala Human Rights Commission hosted a panel event entitled “Until We Find Them: The Disappeared in Colombia, Guatemala, Mexico, and Peru” to discuss the situation of forced disappearances in each country.
Nadín Reyes Maldonado is the daughter of Edmundo Reyes Amaya, who was detained and disappeared on May 25, 2007 in Oaxaca, Mexico. She founded the Committee of Relatives of the Disappeared “Until We Find Them” (Comité de Familiares de Detenidos Desaparecidos "Hasta Encontrarlos"). Nadín shared the following testimony about the current situation of the disappeared in Mexico during the March 18th panel. The following testimony is a translation...
“I come representing many families in Mexico. I want to share a brief written statement about the problem of forced disappearances in Mexico. The forced disappearance of people in Mexico is a practice of the state since the seventies that demonstrates planning and systematization. Between the years of 1969 and 1988, marked by the supposed war against insurgents in our country, a series of forced disappearances of 1200 political activists unfolded. Today, forced disappearance does not just apply to these activists and human rights defenders, but it is also committed against broad social sectors of the population. That is, not only are defenders and activists disappeared, but now also men, women, and youth without any political affiliation.
In our country the Mexican state fails to recognize this practice. Nevertheless, Mexico’s own Ministry of the Interior recently published statistics of 26,121 disappeared people, of which, unfortunately, the state does not differentiate between the [forcibly] disappeared and a different category such as missing or absent people. The report published by Human Rights Watch mentions the severity of this problem. They documented 250 cases of forced disappearances in 19 states of the republic. Also, as part of the campaign against forced disappearance in Mexico, we have documented during five years, from 2005 to 2010, 27 cases of forced disappearances against social activists and human rights defenders. And in only one year from January 2011 to February 2012, 30 cases, which indicates that in only one year the practice of forced disappearance against human rights defenders was greater than the five years prior.
Another important point is that in Mexico there is no legal framework that guarantees the prevention and punishment of the practice of forced disappearance. The existing typification does not adequately categorize forced disappearance; it restricts the crime to public servants excluding those third parties who commit this crime with the approval of or assistance from state agents.
The impunity of our cases of forced disappearance in Mexico is alarming. They are not investigated in depth and those responsible, materially or intellectually, are not punished. It has not been possible to determine the whereabouts of thousands of people who have remained missing for over 40 years, nor those of the present. People who file a case of forced disappearance in Mexico usually come up against prosecutors who have to receive this complaint of forced disappearance and when they do file a complaint, do so for some other crime, not forced disappearance. Also, Mexico does not have a registry of victims of forced disappearances. It is only a poorly categorized statistic because the Mexican government does not accept that the practice continues. In some parts of our country, there are DNA databases. However, these are not trusted by the relatives [of disappeared victims] because they cannot access the databases. Nor is there an independent and impartial body that protects these samples when the relatives do decide to do tests.
Regarding the profiles of victims, we have identified five categories of people who are vulnerable to the practice of forced disappearance. The first are human rights defenders. The second are political activists or people who belong to some sort of social movement. The third are migrants. Fourth are people of a young age who are workers, men who live in areas where violence has increased on the grounds of security policies organized between the state and organized crime. And fifth are women and minors.
It’s important to mention that in the north of the country there are close to a thousand documented cases of disappeared migrants in the Mexican territory, whose families face receiving the remains of their relatives without the certainty that they are them because the state of Mexico is delivering these remains without doing the corresponding analysis. The relatives do not have the certainty that these bodies are actually their loved ones.
In addition, we have also identified some traits of the perpetrators committing these crimes, who are, firstly, army, navy, or police agents. The second group are also police agents, but in black uniforms without insignia that cannot be identified. A third group are paramilitaries that are acting with the support and consent of the state. Another is groups of organized crime also acting in complicity with police groups or groups from the army. It is important to note that in the two last groups, paramilitaries and organized crime, there is evidence of the participation and collusion of the army and navy, who are committing forced disappearances under the shelter and protection of the authorities, a situation that for us makes the documentation of this practice and documenting the participation of the state more difficult.
Therefore, we hold that in Mexico this practice [of forced disappearance] is systematic. And that today, in this context of the violence of militarization and paramilitarization in this country, this practice has been allowed to continue because the state argues that these crimes are committed by organized crime groups. That is, with this reasoning the state removes itself from the responsibility of investigating and punishing the responsible parties.”
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